Architecture Design Urban Design

Artificial Intelligence and Urban Design

Artificial intelligence and urban design

Introduction

Artificial intelligence and urban design can help boost the urban planning process in many ways. Here are some prime examples. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been around for a while now, but it has only just begun to ingrain itself into our everyday lives. From our smartphones to modern marketing strategies, many significant elements of our world are powered by AI.

Artificial intelligence helps urban designers and planners design responsive urban environments that are driven by strategies backed by real time data. AI can help deeply integrate sustainable strategies into the urban environment with real time information. AI can help urban planners decide routes that help with larger traffic management, equitable public transportation, smarter utilities with better efficiency. AI can assist urban designers design responsive, and efficient urban environments that benefit the inhabitants. 

We can also see AI being used to plan large-scale projects, particularly when it comes to urban design. The ancient world was filled with many remarkable civilizations and cities. However, these efficient cities were the result of many years of planning.

Luckily, we live in an era where this process has become significantly faster. This significant leap in planning speed is a direct result of the advent of modern technology, including artificial intelligence, which can lend a helping hand to urban design and planning.

In this article, I will go over the role of artificial intelligence in urban design.

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Artificial Intelligence in Urban Design

Urban design is the design of towns and cities and the streets and spaces within them. It is a cutting-edge and important field that directly impacts the psychology and behavior of residents.

Source: YouTube | AI in designing better cities.

Artificial intelligence can help boost the urban planning process in many ways. Here are some prime examples:

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The Role of AI in City Planning and Development

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has started to play a crucial role in modern city planning and development, providing valuable insights to urban designers and policymakers. The volume of data related to city infrastructure, traffic patterns, public services, and community demographics is vast and often complex, making it challenging to handle and analyze using traditional methods. AI, with its capacity to process and learn from large amounts of data, offers an effective solution to these challenges.

AI systems can efficiently analyze these complex datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and relationships that may not be immediately evident. This can guide city planners in making informed decisions on where to allocate resources, how to manage urban growth, or where to develop new infrastructure. AI’s predictive capabilities can aid in forecasting future urban trends, such as population growth or changes in transportation needs, allowing city planners to proactively design and implement strategies that ensure sustainable city development.

Using AI to Analyze Urban Data

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for analyzing urban data presents tremendous opportunities for shaping smarter and more sustainable cities. Urban data includes a wide range of information types, from traffic patterns and infrastructure usage to demographic data and environmental factors. This vast, multifaceted data can be challenging to interpret, yet it’s integral to understanding the dynamics of a city and improving urban life. AI, with its advanced data processing and machine learning capabilities, has shown great potential in this regard.

Through machine learning algorithms, AI can process, analyze, and interpret large volumes of urban data, transforming it into actionable insights for city planners and policymakers. AI systems can identify trends, detect anomalies, and even predict future scenarios based on the data. For example, by analyzing traffic data, AI can provide insights into congestion patterns, helping to design more efficient transportation systems. Similarly, AI can analyze demographic and socio-economic data to inform decisions about housing policies, public services, and infrastructure development. The analysis provided by AI can significantly enhance decision-making in urban planning, leading to cities that are more livable, efficient, and sustainable.

AI and Sustainable Urban Design

As cities worldwide grapple with challenges related to population growth, climate change, and resource management, the need for sustainable solutions is more pressing than ever. AI can aid in the development of these solutions, promoting efficiency and sustainability in urban design.

AI can analyze and predict the impacts of various urban design strategies on sustainability indicators such as energy consumption, carbon emissions, water usage, and waste management. For instance, AI can be used to optimize building design for energy efficiency, selecting the most appropriate materials, orientation, and design features based on local climate data and building usage patterns. Similarly, AI can assist in the design of public transport networks or waste management systems that minimize environmental impacts and promote resource efficiency. This enables urban planners to design cities that are not only sustainable but also adaptable to future changes and challenges.

Integrating AI in Public Transportation Planning

Incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into public transportation planning has the potential to revolutionize urban mobility, creating systems that are more efficient, accessible, and environmentally friendly. AI’s ability to collect, process, and analyze large volumes of data in real-time is particularly beneficial in this sector, where understanding and responding to dynamic factors such as traffic conditions, rider demand, and vehicle performance is crucial.

AI can enhance public transportation planning by offering predictive analysis of transit patterns. By analyzing data such as historical ridership patterns, traffic conditions, weather data, and special events, AI can forecast demand for public transit across different times and locations. This information can guide the scheduling and routing of buses, trams, and trains, ensuring that public transit capacity aligns with demand, reducing overcrowding and unnecessary services.

AI can also contribute to the optimization of public transportation infrastructure. For example, AI can predict where demand for new bus or tram lines might be highest based on factors such as population growth, urban development plans, and current commuting patterns. Similarly, AI can be used to optimize the placement of bike-sharing stations or electric vehicle charging points. These insights can guide infrastructure investments and ensure that public transportation services are accessible to as many people as possible, supporting the creation of more sustainable and inclusive cities.

Public Transport

Many public transport systems, particularly those in more highly developed countries, use computers to improve the transportation system. These computers often employ artificial intelligence systems to help with the process. AI is used within the robots or applications that offer passengers important information, for example. It is also employed to create real-time spreadsheets that tally passenger volume, bus schedules, traffic patterns, and routes.

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Air Quality Monitoring

Many air sampling devices employ AI to help them measure the air quality and publish results accordingly. Things like pollution levels, fossil fuel particle density in the air, and future predictions about air quality can be drafted using programs that run on artificial intelligence.

Traffic Management

Too often, we see single signs and lights, and sometimes even a traffic officer, trying to manage the flow of vehicles from every possible direction. Luckily, many cities have moved past this point by employing AI-based machinery to help regulate traffic in urban spaces.

Also Read: Role of artificial intelligence in transportation.

AI in Urban Mobility

AI can also significantly enhance urban mobility. For example, AI-powered navigation apps can provide real-time traffic updates, suggest alternate routes to avoid congestion, and even predict future traffic conditions based on historical data and current trends. On a larger scale, AI can support the planning and operation of public transit systems, predicting demand and optimizing routes and schedules to ensure efficient, reliable service.

AI is playing a critical role in the development of autonomous vehicles, which have the potential to reshape urban mobility by improving safety, reducing congestion, and providing new mobility options for those unable to drive. As cities continue to grow and evolve, AI’s role in traffic management and urban mobility is set to become increasingly important.

Security Cameras and Monitoring

Many public-space security cameras are linked to applications that can decode a persons facial structure and help identify who they are using relevant data archives. These apps are powered by artificial intelligence and have helped improve the quality of security in many urban spaces.

Some monitoring devices also have special sensors that keep track of certain stimuli and can help alert the authorities when a crime, like a robbery, is about to be committed.

Some AI systems can also count the number of cars parked within a restricted area and prevent parking lots from over-flooding. They can also help ensure that people do not park in unwarranted places.

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Smart Waste Management Systems

Its no secret that urban spaces create a remarkable amount of waste each day. Urban management often struggles with disposing and managing this waste efficiently. Luckily, many AI-based applications can help with the process.

There are special AI-enabled cameras that can detect trash thrown on the street. They can also recognize what material the garbage is made out of.

Some waste bins contain AI-based sensors that help notify authorities when they are nearly full and need to be emptied. This way, bins are only visited and cleared when a need is present, ultimately helping urban management save on cleaning costs.

As you can see, AI technology has already become a staple in many urban spaces. These areas are called smart cities” and are likely to grow in number within the next few decades.

Source: YouTube

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Data Collection and AI in Urban Design

The digital world is brimming with data. Much of this data is a direct result of how the people using certain data-collecting technologies are behaving. Our phones collect plenty of data and supply them to larger corporations to use this data to improve our daily lives.

Here is an example of how the data collected through phones can help with urban design:

Cell phone users depend upon aerial signals dispatched from cellphone towers. Without these signals, our phones would be unable to connect to other devices or the internet. However, each tower has a strict limit and cannot cast its signals beyond this point.

Our cell phones are always tracking signal strength and often relay this information to telecommunication companies, which, in turn, store this data. These statistics can help signal providers to understand how well (or how poorly) their customersdevices are reacting to the towers’ signals.

So, suppose the signals are extremely poor in a certain area within the city. In that case, the telecommunication services provider will be made aware using the data collected by AI systems on our phones. This will help them fix the problem sooner to ensure that all the residents within an urban space get uninterrupted signals.

On another note, AI can also help urban planners create more efficient transport networks across the city using algorithms based on traffic data and stats. Artificial intelligence may also lend a hand in optimizing energy and water use within a city, hence reducing wastage of these scare elements.

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Predictive Analytics in Urban Design

In the realm of urban design, predictive analytics powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) are becoming increasingly pivotal. As urban areas become more complex, the volume of data generated is enormous and the nature of the data intricate. Predictive analytics can sift through this vast amount of data, drawing out trends and patterns that can be used to anticipate future scenarios, which aids in creating more resilient and adaptable urban environments.

Predictive analytics can help city planners anticipate population growth and movement, infrastructure requirements, environmental impacts, and more. For instance, AI-driven predictive models can analyze demographic data, housing market trends, and economic indicators to forecast where and how rapidly a city’s population might grow. This can inform decisions on where to build new housing, schools, or transportation infrastructure, ensuring cities are prepared to accommodate future population changes.

In terms of infrastructure planning, predictive analytics can identify areas where existing infrastructure may be at risk due to factors like climate change or increased usage. For instance, AI models can forecast how rising sea levels might impact coastal infrastructure or how increased traffic could affect road longevity. These predictions allow city planners to take preemptive measures, such as reinforcing vulnerable infrastructure or developing contingency plans.

Predictive analytics also play a critical role in environmental and sustainability planning in urban design. AI models can predict the impact of different urban designs on factors such as energy usage, carbon emissions, and air quality. This allows urban planners to optimize designs for sustainability, choosing options that minimize environmental impact while still meeting the needs of the city’s inhabitants. By leveraging predictive analytics, urban design can become a proactive, rather than reactive, process, leading to cities that are better equipped to handle future challenges and uncertainties.

AI-Powered Smart Cities: The Future of Urban Design

AI-powered smart cities represent a profound shift in the future of urban design. Such cities employ Artificial Intelligence (AI) in a range of applications to optimize urban services, improve quality of life, and create more sustainable environments. The integration of AI into urban design not only makes cities smarter but also more responsive, efficient, and adaptable to the ever-changing needs of their inhabitants.

Smart cities leverage AI to analyze vast quantities of data collected from various sources such as IoT sensors, public services, transportation systems, and even social media feeds. This data is used to monitor city functions in real-time, predict future scenarios, and make informed decisions. For example, AI can analyze traffic data to optimize signal timings and reduce congestion, predict where maintenance is needed in city infrastructure, or analyze energy usage data to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. In addition, smart cities can employ AI to improve public safety, for instance, by using machine learning algorithms to predict crime hotspots or deploying AI-powered surveillance systems that can detect unusual activity.

AI in smart cities can greatly enhance citizen engagement and participation. AI chatbots, for example, can provide residents with immediate answers to their queries about city services, while AI-driven platforms can analyze public opinion from social media to inform policy decisions. In the future, AI may even enable more direct citizen participation in urban planning, using AI tools to visualize proposed urban developments and gather public feedback. The integration of AI into urban design is thus key to building the smart, sustainable, and inclusive cities of the future.

Enhancing Urban Living through AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a powerful tool to enhance urban living, creating cities that are more livable, efficient, and adaptable. It achieves this through its ability to process and interpret vast amounts of data, providing insights that can improve various aspects of urban life, from transportation and infrastructure to public services and environmental sustainability.

AI can optimize transportation systems, reducing traffic congestion, and improving public transit efficiency, leading to shorter commutes and more accessible cities. It can also improve infrastructure planning and maintenance, predicting where repairs are needed and helping to design infrastructure that meets the needs of growing urban populations. In terms of public services, AI can help ensure these are effectively distributed across the city, identifying areas in need of more resources or services.

AI can also play a crucial role in improving environmental sustainability in cities. For instance, AI can analyze energy usage data to optimize the energy efficiency of buildings or predict the impact of urban development on local ecosystems, helping to mitigate potential harm. These are just a few examples of how AI can enhance urban living, creating cities that are better places to live, work, and play.

AI and the Transformation of Urban Landscapes

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a transformative force in shaping urban landscapes. By intelligently analyzing data from a multitude of sources, AI can offer valuable insights and predictive capabilities that enable urban planners to make more informed and strategic decisions. This results in urban landscapes that are not only smarter and more efficient but also more sustainable and adaptable to the evolving needs and expectations of their inhabitants.

One area where AI is driving significant change is in the planning and management of urban infrastructure. From transportation networks to public utilities and services, AI can optimize the design and operation of these essential components of urban landscapes. AI can analyze traffic data to improve road layouts and traffic signal timings, reducing congestion and improving commute times. It can predict where demand for new infrastructure, such as public transportation routes or utility services, will be greatest, guiding investment and development decisions. AI can also forecast infrastructure maintenance needs, helping cities to prevent failures and disruptions and manage their resources more efficiently.

AI is aiding in the transformation of urban landscapes towards sustainability. By analyzing environmental data, AI can inform the design of green spaces, infrastructure, and buildings to optimize energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and support biodiversity. It can also predict the impacts of climate change on urban landscapes, helping cities to plan for and mitigate these impacts. AI can even engage citizens in the transformation of their urban landscapes, using AI-powered platforms to gather public input on proposed developments or changes. The application of AI in shaping urban landscapes thus offers immense potential to create cities that are not only smarter but also more sustainable and livable.

Role of AI in Climate-Resilient Urban Design

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly vital role in fostering climate-resilient urban design, which is essential in the face of escalating climate change threats. As the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events continue to rise, it’s crucial for cities to build resilience into their design, and AI has emerged as a potent tool to aid in this endeavor.

AI’s superior data analysis capabilities allow for better modeling and prediction of climate impacts at the city level. For instance, AI can process vast amounts of data from diverse sources to model potential flood risks or heatwave impacts based on various climate change scenarios. It can analyze urban topography, infrastructure, and local climate patterns to identify areas most vulnerable to these events.

AI can inform the design of climate-resilient infrastructure and public spaces. By analyzing data on materials, building designs, and local climate conditions, AI can suggest design strategies that are more resilient to extreme weather events, such as flooding or high temperatures. In this way, AI is equipping urban planners with the tools and insights they need to design cities that can withstand the impacts of climate change.

AI in Urban Regeneration Projects

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in urban regeneration projects is revolutionizing the way cities approach redevelopment and revitalization. AI’s ability to analyze vast amounts of data and produce actionable insights allows for more informed decision-making, ensuring that urban regeneration projects are optimally designed to meet the specific needs and challenges of the area in question.

For example, AI can analyze demographic, economic, and social data to identify the key issues that a regeneration project should address, whether it’s lack of affordable housing, economic stagnation, or social inequality. AI can also assess the potential impacts of different regeneration strategies, forecasting how various development options might affect local housing markets, job growth, traffic patterns, and community cohesion.

AI can be used to engage local communities in urban regeneration projects. AI-powered platforms can solicit and analyze public feedback on proposed developments, ensuring that the voices of local residents are heard and that the regeneration project aligns with their needs and aspirations. In these ways, AI is enabling more effective and inclusive urban regeneration projects.

AI and Future Urban Regeneration

Looking forward, AI has the potential to further enhance urban regeneration efforts. Advanced AI models could predict the long-term outcomes of regeneration projects, taking into account a wide range of factors including future demographic shifts, economic trends, and climate change impacts. AI could also facilitate more collaborative and participatory approaches to urban regeneration, for example, by creating virtual reality models of proposed developments that residents can explore and provide feedback on. In an era where cities are facing a multitude of complex challenges, AI provides a powerful tool to help urban regeneration projects create vibrant, resilient, and inclusive urban spaces.

Evaluating Social Impact with AI in Urban Design

The evaluation of social impact is a critical aspect of urban design, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is providing innovative ways to enhance this process. By utilizing AI, urban planners can obtain a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the social implications of their design choices, ensuring that urban spaces are not just physically appealing or functional, but also socially equitable and inclusive.

AI’s ability to analyze large quantities of data enables it to assess the potential social impact of different design strategies. For instance, AI can examine socio-economic data, housing market trends, and demographic patterns to predict how a proposed development may affect different social groups within the community. Will it lead to gentrification and displacement of low-income residents? Will it improve accessibility and inclusivity for people with disabilities or the elderly? AI can also analyze data from social media, public surveys, or community engagement platforms to gauge public opinion on urban design proposals, providing a real-time indicator of social acceptance or resistance. Thus, AI offers urban designers a tool to understand and address the social dimensions of their work more effectively.

AI and Future Social Impact Evaluation

Looking ahead, AI has the potential to further enhance social impact evaluation in urban design. AI could enable more participatory and inclusive urban design processes, for example, by using natural language processing to analyze public comments on proposed developments and provide a more accurate picture of community sentiment. AI could also be used to predict the long-term social impacts of urban design decisions, considering factors like future demographic trends, climate change, and technological advancements. By harnessing the power of AI, urban design can become a more socially aware and responsive practice, contributing to the creation of cities that are not only beautiful and functional but also socially just and inclusive.

AI-Driven Infrastructure Planning and Management

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of infrastructure planning. Traditional planning methods often struggle with the vast amounts of data and the complexity of factors involved in designing infrastructure for modern cities. However, AI, with its superior data analysis capabilities, can process this information and provide predictive and actionable insights. For instance, AI can analyze demographic data, traffic patterns, environmental conditions, and more to suggest the most effective placement and design for new roads, bridges, buildings, or public transportation routes. This allows for more accurate and efficient planning that caters to the specific needs of a city and its inhabitants.

AI in Infrastructure Management

In the realm of infrastructure management, AI is also proving to be a game-changer. A major challenge in this area is the maintenance and repair of existing infrastructure. Through the application of AI, this process can become much more proactive and efficient. AI systems can analyze data from various sources, including IoT sensors embedded in infrastructure, to predict when and where maintenance will be required. This predictive maintenance approach reduces the likelihood of unexpected infrastructure failures, minimizes disruption, and can lead to significant cost savings.

AI can assist in monitoring the usage and performance of infrastructure, aiding decision-making regarding upgrades, expansions, or the implementation of new technologies. With AI’s assistance, the planning and management of urban infrastructure can be a more informed, efficient, and effective process.

Understanding Urban Demographics with AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is proving to be a powerful tool for understanding urban demographics, helping city planners and policymakers make data-driven decisions that consider the specific needs and characteristics of a city’s population. By analyzing a wide range of data, from census statistics to social media posts, AI can provide detailed insights into the demographics of a city. These insights can include information about age distribution, household composition, income levels, educational attainment, and more. AI can also track demographic changes over time and predict future trends, which can be crucial for long-term urban planning.

AI for Informed Urban Planning

These demographic insights provided by AI have numerous applications in urban planning. They can inform decisions about where to build new schools, hospitals, or other public facilities, based on the needs of the population in different areas of the city. They can also guide housing policies, for instance by identifying areas with a lack of affordable housing or predicting future housing demand.

Understanding urban demographics can help cities design more inclusive and accessible transportation networks, ensure equitable distribution of resources and services, and shape public policies that reflect the diversity and needs of their populations. Therefore, AI’s ability to understand urban demographics is a powerful tool for creating cities that are more responsive, inclusive, and equitable.

Enhancing Accessibility and Inclusion through AI in Urban Design

Improving Physical Accessibility with AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a significant role in enhancing accessibility in urban design, making cities more inclusive for all residents, including those with disabilities. AI can analyze a wide array of data – ranging from architectural plans, traffic patterns, public transportation schedules, to user mobility data – to suggest design modifications or new initiatives that would make urban spaces more accessible. For instance, AI can aid in optimizing sidewalk designs to better accommodate people using wheelchairs or propose the best locations for ramps and tactile paving. Also, AI can analyze public transportation data to suggest improvements that ensure people with disabilities can easily use city transit systems.

Enhancing Digital Accessibility with AI

AI also has a role in improving digital accessibility within cities. As urban spaces increasingly rely on digital technologies for various services – from transportation apps and digital kiosks to online city services – it is crucial that these technologies are accessible to everyone, including those with visual, auditory, or cognitive impairments. AI technologies like voice recognition, natural language processing, and image recognition can make digital services more inclusive. For example, AI-powered voice recognition can help visually impaired individuals interact with digital interfaces, while AI can also generate automated captions for the hearing impaired in city-produced digital content.

AI and Social Inclusion

Beyond physical and digital accessibility, AI can also promote social inclusion in cities. By analyzing demographic, social, and economic data, AI can help urban planners understand patterns of social exclusion or inequality within their cities and propose solutions. For example, AI could identify neighborhoods that lack access to essential services or public spaces, guiding investment and policy decisions towards addressing these inequities. Furthermore, AI can be utilized to engage a diverse range of city residents in urban planning processes, ensuring that diverse voices are heard and considered in the design of urban spaces. AI’s potential to enhance accessibility and inclusion is thus vast, promising cities that are more inclusive and equitable for all residents.

AI in Real-Time Urban Planning and Decision-Making

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing urban planning and decision-making by enabling the analysis of real-time data. As cities become more connected and digitalized, they generate vast amounts of data every second, from traffic conditions and public transport usage to air quality levels and energy consumption patterns. AI’s ability to rapidly analyze this real-time data and extract actionable insights is invaluable for urban planners and decision-makers. It allows them to respond to changes in the urban environment swiftly and make data-driven decisions that reflect the current state of the city, rather than relying on outdated or static information.

Real-Time Decision-Making with AI

AI can assist in various aspects of real-time decision-making in urban planning. For example, by analyzing real-time traffic data, AI can suggest immediate modifications to traffic light timings to reduce congestion or reroute public transportation to accommodate a sudden surge in demand. AI could also analyze real-time environmental data to alert city officials to areas of poor air quality, prompting immediate actions to protect public health. Furthermore, in the case of emergencies or unexpected events, AI’s ability to process real-time data can inform rapid and effective response strategies.

Generative Design and Autonomous Cities

Generative design, an AI-based process that uses algorithms to create optimized designs, is set to significantly transform urban design in the future. This approach takes the long-standing process of urban planning and infuses it with artificial intelligence systems, enabling a more dynamic and efficient planning approach. The application of machine learning and deep learning models to understand the complexities of city management is paving the way towards autonomous cities, where intelligent machines play a key role in smart urbanism. These autonomous cities will leverage AI to manage resources efficiently, make quicker decisions, and ultimately create a better living environment for its residents.

AI, Community Participation, and Experimental Urbanism

Artificial Intelligence is also set to change the way community participation is factored into urban planning and design. By analyzing data from daily lives and behavioral patterns of citizens, AI can provide insights into what residents need and want from their city. This democratizes the decision-making process, making it more inclusive and reflective of the community’s needs. This trend aligns with the concept of experimental urbanism, where cities are seen as living laboratories for testing and implementing new ideas. AI, with its ability to analyze actions with speed and accuracy, can drive these experimental initiatives by offering insights based on behavioral economics and other data-driven approaches.

Smart-City Initiatives and Future Urban Planning

AI’s role in urban planning extends beyond the design and management of cities. It is a cornerstone of smart-city initiatives, which aim to use technology to improve the efficiency of resources and services in urban areas. With the help of AI, cities can become “smarter” by leveraging data to improve infrastructure, transportation, energy use, and more. In the future, we can expect to see AI systems become even more integrated into our daily lives as they contribute to smart city design. By analyzing common features and patterns within the urban landscape, AI can facilitate more informed, efficient, and responsive urban decision-making, driving the evolution of urban design towards an era of smart and autonomous urbanism.

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence is an interesting and powerful concept. Even though it is still in its initial stages, the currently existing form of AI can help solve many problems that are present within large and small cities alike

From optimizing public transportation to helping the environment, artificial intelligence can provide ample assistance to urban designers and help them achieve their goals, resulting in a better urban space for everyone involved.

Smart Cities and Artificial Intelligence: Convergent Systems for Planning, Design, and Operations
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02/19/2024 07:26 am GMT

Also Read: What are smart cities?

References

As, Imdat, and Prithwish Basu. Artificial Intelligence in Urban Planning and Design: Technologies, Implementation, and Impacts. Elsevier, 2022.

Kangjuan, Lyu, et al. AI-Based Services for Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructure. IGI Global, 2020.

Kirwan, Christopher Grant, and Zhiyong Fu. Smart Cities and Artificial Intelligence: Convergent Systems for Planning, Design, and Operations. Elsevier, 2020.

Nematollahi, Mohammad Ali, et al. Computer Vision and Audition in Urban Analysis Using the Remorph Framework. Springer, 2018.